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畏寒性流感病毒檢測(cè)試紙
廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
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畏寒性流感病毒檢測(cè)試紙
這種
盡管還沒(méi)有一種能夠直接觀察膜的分子結(jié)構(gòu)的較為方便的技術(shù)和方法，但從研究中30年代以來(lái)提出了各種假說(shuō)有數(shù)十種，其中得到較多實(shí)驗(yàn)事實(shí)支持因而被大多數(shù)人所接受的是美國(guó)的S.J.Singer和G.L.Nicholsom于1972年提出的流體鑲嵌模型（fluid mosaic model）。這一假想模型的基本內(nèi)容是：膜的共同結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)是以液態(tài)脂質(zhì)雙分子層為基架，其中鑲嵌著具有不同分子結(jié)構(gòu)、因而也具有不同生理功能的蛋白質(zhì)，后者主要以α-螺旋或球型蛋白質(zhì)的形式存在。其局限性在于未表達(dá)出流動(dòng)性不均一，Jain與White提出了“板塊與鑲嵌模型”。J. Danielli & H. Davson1925 發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)膜的表面張力比油－水界面的張力低得多，推測(cè)膜中含有蛋白質(zhì)，從而提出了”蛋白質(zhì)-脂類-蛋白質(zhì)”的三明治模型。認(rèn)為質(zhì)膜由雙層脂類分子及其內(nèi)外表面附著的蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成的。1959年在上述基礎(chǔ)上提出了修正模型，認(rèn)為膜上還具有貫穿脂雙層的蛋白質(zhì)通道，供親水物質(zhì)通過(guò)。
J. D. Robertson1959用超薄切片技術(shù)獲得了清晰的細(xì)胞膜照片，顯示暗-明-暗三層結(jié)構(gòu)，厚約7.5nm。這就是所謂的“單位膜”模型。它由厚約3.5nm的雙層脂分子和內(nèi)外表面各厚約2nm的蛋白質(zhì)構(gòu)成。
不足之處：1）把膜結(jié)構(gòu)描寫(xiě)成靜止不變的；2）無(wú)法解釋膜的功能活動(dòng)；3）各種膜有各自的特定厚度，并不都是7.5nm；4）蛋白質(zhì)提取的難易程度不同；5）各種膜的蛋白質(zhì)和脂類的比率不同。[3]
流動(dòng)鑲嵌模型
流動(dòng)鑲嵌模型突出了膜的流動(dòng)性和不對(duì)稱性，認(rèn)為細(xì)胞膜由流動(dòng)的脂雙層和蛋白質(zhì)組成。磷脂分子以疏水性尾部相對(duì)，極性頭部朝向水相組成生物膜骨架，蛋白質(zhì)或嵌在脂雙層表面，或嵌在其內(nèi)部，或橫跨整個(gè)脂雙層，表現(xiàn)出分布的不對(duì)稱性。
不足之處：1）不能說(shuō)明膜在變化過(guò)程中如何保持膜的完整性和穩(wěn)定性；2）忽略了蛋白質(zhì)對(duì)脂質(zhì)分子流動(dòng)性的控制作用；3）忽略了膜各部分流動(dòng)性的不均勻性。[3]
晶格模型
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畏寒性流感病毒檢測(cè)試紙
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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
【市場(chǎng)部】 歐
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【騰訊 】
【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號(hào)二期2幢101-103室
Although there is not a more convenient technique and method for directly observing the molecular structure of a membrane, there are dozens of hypotheses that have been proposed since the 1930s, among which more experimental facts have been supported and thus most people Accepted is the fluid mosaic model proposed by SJ Singer and GL Nicholsom in the United States in 1972. The basic content of this hypothetical model is that the common structural feature of the membrane is that it is based on a liquid lipid bilayer in which proteins having different molecular structures and therefore different physiological functions are inlaid, Or globular protein in the form of existence. The limitation is that there is no liquidity is not expressed uneven, Jain and White proposed the "plate and mosaic model." J. Danielli & H. Davson1925 found that the surface tension of the plasma membrane was much lower than the tension at the oil-water interface, presumably containing the protein in the membrane, resulting in a sandwich model of "protein-lipid-protein". The plasma membrane is thought to consist of bilayer lipid molecules and proteins attached to the inner and outer surfaces. In 1959, based on the above, a modified model was proposed, in which the membrane also has a lipid bilayer-laden protein channel for the passage of hydrophilic substances.
J. D. Robertson1959 A clear cell-membrane photograph was obtained using ultrathin sectioning technology showing a dark-bright-dark three-layer structure with a thickness of about 7.5 nm. This is the so-called "unit membrane" model. It consists of bilayer lipid molecules about 3.5 nm in thickness and proteins each about 2 nm thick on the inner and outer surfaces.
Deficiencies: 1) describe the membrane structure as static; 2) can not explain the functional activity of the membrane; 3) the various membranes have their own specific thickness, not all 7.5 nm; 4) the difficulty of protein extraction Different degrees; 5) various membranes of protein and lipid ratio is different. [3]
mosaic model
The flow mosaic model highlights the fluidity and asymmetry of the membrane, suggesting that the cell membrane consists of the flowing lipid bilayer and the protein. The phospholipid molecule is opposite the hydrophobic tail, the polar head forms a biofilm skeleton towards the aqueous phase, and the protein either intercalates on or within the lipid bilayer, or across the lipid bilayer, exhibiting a distributional asymmetry .
Shortcomings: 1) can not explain how the membrane in the process of change to maintain the integrity and stability of the membrane; 2) ignoring the control of protein mobility on lipid molecules; 3) ignoring the uneven flow of the various parts of the membrane Sex. [3]
Lattice model
In 1975, Wallach proposed a lattice model. Lattice model is a supplement to the flow mosaic model, emphasizing the integrity of the flow. Membrane lipids reversibly disordered (liquid) and ordered (crystalline) phase transitions to account for the fluidity of biofilms. Membrane inlaid proteins control the movement of lipid molecules.