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禽流感H7N9并發(fā)癥熒光探針法檢測試劑盒

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禽流感H7N9并發(fā)癥熒光探針法檢測試劑盒

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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
【市場部】     歐

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【騰訊  】 
【公司地址】 廣州清華科技園創(chuàng)新基地番禺石樓鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)啟路63號二期2幢101-103室

一般來講，物質(zhì)運(yùn)輸方向與離子轉(zhuǎn)移方向相同的協(xié)同運(yùn)輸為同向協(xié)同運(yùn)輸，反之則為反向協(xié)同運(yùn)輸。
③ 基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移
通過對被運(yùn)輸?shù)奈镔|(zhì)先進(jìn)行某種化學(xué)變化（如共價(jià)修飾），使被運(yùn)輸物質(zhì)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)維持較低濃度，以使這種物質(zhì)得以沿著濃度梯度不斷被從細(xì)胞外轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)到細(xì)胞內(nèi)，這種過程或方式即為基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移。它zui早發(fā)現(xiàn)于某些細(xì)菌中。例如，細(xì)菌中的葡萄糖在其通過膜時(shí)，先被磷酸化（一種共價(jià)修飾方式）為6-磷酸葡萄糖后才被運(yùn)入細(xì)胞。而磷酸化后的葡萄糖是小能透過細(xì)胞膜的，所以6-磷酸葡萄糖得以在細(xì)胞內(nèi)積累。
（3）胞吞作用和胞吐作用
生物膜對大分子化學(xué)物是不通透，故大分子物質(zhì)進(jìn)出細(xì)胞需通過胞吞和胞吐作用來實(shí)現(xiàn)。
① 胞吞作用
大分子物質(zhì)或顆粒被質(zhì)膜的一小部分內(nèi)陷而包圍，zui后從質(zhì)膜上脫落，形成含有這些大分子或顆粒的細(xì)胞內(nèi)囊泡的過程，此即胞吞作用。它可分為如下的3種類型。
a．吞噬作用：以大的囊泡內(nèi)吞較大的固體顆粒（如細(xì)菌及細(xì)胞碎片等）進(jìn)入細(xì)胞，這個(gè)過程即吞噬作用。被吞噬顆粒被吸附于細(xì)胞表面，形成叫吞噬泡或噬體的小泡，再與溶酶體相融合而被溶酶體中的水解酶水解。
b．胞飲作用：以小的囊泡形式將胞外的少量液體（含小分子或離子）吞入細(xì)胞的過程，即胞飲作用。在這個(gè)過程中，會形成叫胞飲水泡或胞飲水體的小泡，它或與溶酶體融合而被溶酶體中的酶降解，或返回質(zhì)膜原處，或移至另一處質(zhì)膜，或以貯存形式停留在細(xì)胞內(nèi)。絕大多數(shù)細(xì)胞都有此作用。
c．由受體介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)吞作用：當(dāng)被運(yùn)輸物質(zhì)（又叫內(nèi)吞物）與細(xì)胞表面上的特異受體結(jié)合后，即引起細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)陷，形成裹有內(nèi)吞物的囊泡而被運(yùn)入細(xì)胞的過程，此即受體介導(dǎo)的內(nèi)吞作用。這種作用專一性很強(qiáng)，細(xì)胞因此會大量選擇性地?cái)z入相關(guān)物質(zhì)。許多病毒和毒索即由此過程進(jìn)入動物細(xì)胞內(nèi)。
② 胞吐作用
有些物質(zhì)在細(xì)胞內(nèi)被一層膜包圍，形成小泡，慢慢移到細(xì)胞表面，zui后與質(zhì)膜融合而被排出細(xì)胞，此即胞胞吐作用。
真核細(xì)胞可以胞吐方式來補(bǔ)充質(zhì)膜更新有關(guān)物質(zhì)。胞吐能分泌各種分子，一些小分子物質(zhì)也可經(jīng)胞吐方式排出細(xì)胞。

In general, the direction of material transport and ion transport in the same direction of co-transport synergistic co-transport, and vice versa reverse co-transport.
③ group transfer
By carrying out certain chemical changes (such as covalent modification) on the transported material, the transported material is maintained at a lower concentration in the cell so that the material is continuously transported from the extracellular to the intracellular along a concentration gradient , This process or way is the group transfer. It was first found in some bacteria. For example, glucose in bacteria is phosphorylated (a covalent modification) of glucose 6-phosphate first when it passes through the membrane before being transported into the cell. Phosphorylated glucose is a small energy through the cell membrane, so glucose 6-phosphate accumulation in the cell.
(3) endocytosis and exocytosis
Biomembrane is not transparent to macromolecular chemicals, so macromolecules into and out of cells through the endocytosis and exocytosis to achieve.
① endocytosis
Macromolecular substances or particles are trapped by a small portion of the plasma membrane and eventually fall off the plasma membrane to form intracellular vesicles containing these macromolecules or particles, which is endocytosis. It can be divided into the following three types.
a. Phagocytosis: large vesicles endocytosis larger solid particles (such as bacteria and cell debris, etc.) into the cell, the process that is phagocytosis. The phagocytosed particles are adsorbed on the cell surface, forming vesicles called phagosomes or phagosomes, and then fused with lysosomes and hydrolyzed by lysosomal enzymes.
b. Pouring: Small vesicles in the form of a small extracellular fluid (including small molecules or ions) into the cell process, namely, the role of pinocytosis. During this process, a vesicle called a vesicle or a hydrate is formed, either fused to lysosomes, degraded by enzymes in lysosomes, returned to the plasma membrane, or moved to another site Membrane, or in the form of storage in the cell. Most cells have this effect.
c. Receptor-mediated endocytosis: When the transported substance (also called endocytosis) binds to a specific receptor on the surface of a cell, it causes the cell membrane to retract, forming a vesicle with an endocytosed substance that is transported Into the cell process, which is receptor-mediated endocytosis. This effect is very specific and the cells therefore ingest large quantities of related substances in large quantities. Many viruses and toxins enter the animal's cells from this process.
② exocytosis
Some substances in the cell surrounded by a layer of membrane, the formation of vesicles, slowly moving to the cell surface, and finally merged with the plasma membrane is excreted cells, that is, exocytosis.
Eukaryotic cells can exocytosis ways to supplement the plasma membrane renewal related substances. Exocytosis can secrete a variety of molecules, some small molecules can excrete cells by exocytosis.