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Human Vascuolar cell adhesion
molecule 1,VCAM-1  
ELISA kit
 
 
Catalog No. CSB-E04753h
（96 T）
 
 
 
 
 
  This immunoassay kit allows for the in vitro quantitative determination of human
VCAM-1 concentrations in serum, plasma and other biological fluids.
  Expiration date      six months from the date of manufacture
  FOR RESEARCH USE ONLY. NOT FOR USE IN DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES.
 
 
 
 
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INTRODUCTION
VCAM-1  （vascular  cell  adhesion  molecule-1）,  also  known  as
CD106,  is  the  name  of  both  a  human  gene  and  its  protein
product which  have  a  considerable  role  in  the  human  immune
system.
The  VCAM-1  protein  mediates  the  adhesion  of  lymphocytes,
monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils to vascular endothelium.
It also functions in leukocyte-endothelial cell signal transduction,
and it may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis and
rheumatoid arthritis.
Upregulation of VCAM-1 in endothelial cells by cytokines occurs
as a  result of  increased gene  transcription （e.g.,  in  response  to
Tumor  necrosis  factor-alpha  （TNF-α）  and  Interleukin-1  （IL-1））
and  through  stabilization  of  Messenger  RNA  （mRNA）  （e.g.,
Interleukin-4  （IL-4））. The  promoter  region  of  the VCAM-1  gene 
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contains functional tandem NF-κB （nuclear factor-kappa B） sites.
The sustained expression of VCAM-1 lasts over 24 hours.
Primarily, the VCAM-1 protein is an endothelial ligand for VLA-4
（Very Late Antigen-4 or α4β1） of  the β1 subfamily of  integrins,
and  for  integrin  α4β7.  VCAM-1  expression  has  also  been
observed  in other cell  types  （e.g., smooth muscle cells）.  It has
also been shown to interact with EZR and Moesin.  
PRINCIPLE OF THE ASSAY
The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with
an antibody specific to VCAM-1. Standards or samples are then
added  to  the  appropriate  microtiter  plate  wells  with  a
biotin-conjugated antibody preparation specific  for VCAM-1 and
Avidin conjugated to Horseradish Peroxidase （HRP） is added to
each  microplate  well  and  incubated.  Then  a  TMB  （3,3',5,5'
tetramethyl-benzidine） substrate solution  is added  to each well. 
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Only  those  wells  that  contain  VCAM-1,  biotin-conjugated
antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change  in
color.  The  enzyme-substrate  reaction  is  terminated  by  the
addition  of  a  sulphuric  acid  solution  and  the  color  change  is
measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm ± 2
nm.  The  concentration  of  VCAM-1  in  the  samples  is  then
determined  by  comparing  the  O.D.  of  the  samples  to  the
standard curve.
DETECTION RANGE
15.6 ng/ml-1000 ng/ml. The standard curve concentrations used
for  the  ELISA’s  were  1000  ng/ml,  500  ng/ml,  250  ng/ml,  125
ng/ml, 62.5 ng/ml, 31.2 ng/ml, 15.6 ng/ml.
SPECIFICITY
This assay recognizes recombinant and natural human VCAM-1.
No significant cross-reactivity or interference was observed. 
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SENSITIVITY
The minimum detectable dose of human VCAM-1 is typically less
than 3.9 ng/ml.
The sensitivity of  this assay, or Lower Limit of Detection  （LLD）
was  defined  as  the  lowest  protein  concentration  that  could  be
differentiated from zero.
MATERIALS PROVIDED
Reagent      Quantity
Assay plate  1
Standard  2
Sample Diluent      1 x 20 ml
Biotin-antibody Diluent      1 x 10 ml
HRP-avidin Diluent        1 x 10 ml
Biotin-antibody      1 x 120l
HRP-avidin  1 x 120l
Wash Buffer      
1 x 20 ml
  （25×concentrate）
TMB Substrate      1 x 10 ml
Stop Solution      1 x 10 ml 
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STORAGE
1. Unopened  test  kits  should  be  stored  at  2-8°C  upon  receipt
and  the microtiter plate should be kept  in a sealed bag. The
test kit may be used throughout the expiration date of the kit,
provided  it  is  stored  as  prescribed  above.  Refer  to  the
package label for the expiration date.
2. Opened test plate should be stored at 2-8°C in the aluminum
foil bag with desiccants to minimize exposure to damp air. The
kits will remain stable until the expiring date shown, provided it
is stored as prescribed above.    
3.  A microtiter  plate  reader with  a  bandwidth  of  10  nm  or  less
and an optical density  range of 0-3 OD or greater at 450nm
wavelength  is  acceptable  for  use  in  absorbance
measurement.
REAGENT PREPARATION
Bring all reagents to room temperature before use.  
1.  Wash  Buffer    If  crystals  have  formed  in  the  concentrate,
warm  up  to  room  temperature  and  mix  gently  until  the
crystals  have  compley  dissolved.  Dilute  20  ml  of Wash
Buffer Concentrate into deionized or distilled water to prepare
500 ml of Wash Buffer. 
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2.  Standard    Centrifuge  the  standard  vial  at  6000-10000rpm
for  30s.  Reconstitute  the  Standard  with  1.0 ml  of  Sample
Diluent. This reconstitution produces a stock solution of 1000
ng/ml. Allow the standard to sit for a minimum of 15 minutes
with  gentle  agitation  prior  to  making  serial  dilutions.  The
undiluted standard serves as the high standard （1000 ng/ml）.
The Sample Diluent serves as  the zero standard （0 ng/ml）.
Prepare fresh for each assay. Use within 4 hours and discard
after use.
3.  Biotin-antibody    Centrifuge  the vial before opening. Dilute
to  the  working  concentration  using  Biotin-antibody
Diluent（1:100）, respectively.
4.  HRP-avidin    Centrifuge the vial before opening. Dilute to the
working  concentration  using  HRP-avidin  Diluent（1:100）,
respectively.
Precaution: The Stop Solution provided with  this kit  is an acid solution. Wear
eye, hand, face, and clothing protection when using this material.
OTHER SUPPLIES REQUIRED
  Microplate  reader capable of measuring absorbance at 450
nm, with the correction wavelength set at 540 nm or 570 nm. 
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  Pipettes and pipette tips.
  Deionized or distilled water.
  Squirt  bottle,  manifold  dispenser,  or  automated  microplate
washer.
  An incubator which can provide stable incubation conditions
up to 37°C±0.5°C.
SAMPLE COLLECTION AND STORAGE
  Serum    Use  a  serum  separator  tube  （SST）  and  allow
samples  to  clot  for  30 minutes  before  centrifugation  for  15
minutes at 1000 g. Remove serum and assay immediay or
aliquot  and  store  samples  at  -20°C. Centrifuge  the  sample
again  after  thawing  before  the  assay.  Avoid  repeated
freeze-thaw cycles.
  Plasma    Collect plasma using citrate, EDTA, or heparin as
an anticoagulant. Centrifuge for 15 minutes at 1000 g within
30 minutes  of  collection.  Assay  immediay  or  aliquot  and
store  samples  at  -20°C.  Centrifuge  the  sample  again   after
thawing before the assay. Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Note: Grossly hemolyzed samples are not suitable for use in this assay. 
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ASSAY PROCEDURE
Bring  all  reagents  and  samples  to  room  temperature  before  use.  It  is
recommended that all samples, standards, and controls be assayed in duplicate.
All  the  reagents  should  be  added  directly  to  the  liquid  level  in  the well.  The
pipette should avoid contacting the inner wall of the well.
1.  Add 100l of Standard, Blank, or Sample per well. Cover with
the adhesive strip. Incubate for 2 hours at 37°C.  
2.  Remove the liquid of each well, don’t wash.  
3.  Add 100l of Biotin-antibody working solution to each well.
Incubate  for  1  hour  at  37°C.  Biotin-antibody  working
solution may appear cloudy. Warm up  to  room  temperature
and mix gently until solution appears uniform.
4.  Aspirate  each  well  and  wash,  repeating  the  process  three
times  for a  total of  three washes. Wash: Fill each well with
Wash  Buffer  （200l）  and  let  it  stand  for  2  minutes,  then
remove  the  liquid  by  flicking  the  plate  over  a  sink.  The
remaining drops are removed by patting the plate on a paper
towel. Complete removal of liquid at each step is essential to
good performance. 
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5.  Add  100l  of  HRP-avidin  working  solution  to  each  well.
Cover the microtiter plate with a new adhesive strip. Incubate
for 1 hour at 37°C.
6.  Repeat the aspiration and wash five times as step 4.
7.  Add 90l of TMB Substrate to each well. Incubate for 10-30
minutes  at  37°C.  Keeping  the  plate  away  from  drafts   and
other temperature fluctuations in the dark.  
8.  Add 50l of Stop Solution  to each well when  the  first  four
wells  containing  the  highest  concentration  of  standards
develop obvious blue color.  If color change does not appear
uniform, gently tap the plate to ensure thorough mixing.
9.  Determine the optical density of each well within 30 minutes,
using a microplate reader set to 450 nm.
CALCULATION OF RESULTS
Using  the  professional  soft  "Curve  Exert  1.3"  to  make  a  standard  curve  is
recommended, which can be downloaded from our web.
Average  the duplicate  readings  for each standard, control, and
sample and subtract  the average zero standard optical density.
Create  a  standard  curve  by  reducing  the  data  using  computer
software capable of generating a  four parameter  logistic  （4-PL） 
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curve-fit. As an alternative, construct a standard curve by plotting
the mean  absorbance  for  each  standard  on  the  y-axis  against
the concentration on the x-axis and draw a best fit curve through
the points on  the graph. The data may be  linearized by plotting
the log of the VCAM-1 concentrations versus the log of the O.D.
and  the best  fit  line can be determined by  regression analysis.
This procedure will produce an adequate but  less precise  fit of
the data.  If samples have been diluted,  the  concentration  read
from the standard curve must be multiplied by the dilution factor.
LIMITATIONS OF THE PROCEDURE
  The kit should not be used beyond the expiration date on the
kit label.
  Do not mix or substitute reagents with those from other lots or
sources.
  It  is  important  that  the  Standard  Diluent  selected  for  the
standard  curve  be  consistent  with  the  samples  being
assayed.
  If samples generate values higher than the highest standard,
dilute the samples with the appropriate Standard Diluent and
repeat the assay. 
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  Any  variation  in  Standard  Diluent,  operator,  pipetting
technique,  washing  technique,  incubation  time  or
temperature, and kit age can cause variation in binding.
  This  assay  is  designed  to  eliminate  interference  by  soluble
receptors,  binding  proteins,  and  other  factors  present  in
biological samples. Until all  factors have been  tested  in  the
Quantikine  Immunoassay,  the  possibility  of  interference
cannot be excluded.
TECHNICAL HINTS
  Centrifuge vials before opening to collect contents.
  When mixing or reconstituting protein solutions, always avoid
foaming.
  To  avoid  cross-contamination,  change  pipette  tips  between
additions of each standard  level, between sample additions,
and between reagent additions. Also, use separate reservoirs
for each reagent.
  When using an automated plate washer, adding a 30 second
soak  period  following  the  addition  of  wash  buffer,  and/or
rotating  the  plate  180  degrees  between  wash  steps  may
improve assay precision. 
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  To ensure accurate results, proper adhesion of plate sealers
during incubation steps is necessary.
  Substrate Solution should remain colorless or light blue until
added  to  the plate. Keep Substrate Solution protected  from
light. Substrate Solution should change from colorless or light
blue to gradations of blue.
  Stop Solution should be added to the plate in the same order
as  the Substrate Solution. The color developed  in  the wells
will turn from blue to yellow upon addition of the Stop Solution.
Wells  that are green  in color  indicate  that  the Stop Solution
has not mixed thoroughly with the Substrate Solution. 
 

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